Will Morocco Times of War Continue

List of wars involving Morocco and the former entities that ruled the current Morocco.

Marinid Sultanate (1244–1465) [edit]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Moroccan losses
Battle of Salé (1260)	Marinid Sultanate	Kingdom of Castile	Victory Castile fails to capture Salé.	Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq	Several killed 3,000 captured and taken as slaves in Seville[1]
Battle of Écija (1275)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Kingdom of Castile	Victory Decapitation of Nuño González de Lara.		Unknown
Battle of Martos (1275)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Kingdom of Castile	Victory Capture and murder of Sancho of Aragon.		Unknown
Battle of Algeciras (1278)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Kingdom of Castile Order of Santa María de España	Victory Destruction of the entire Castilian fleet.		Unknown
Siege of Algeciras (1278-1279)	Marinid Sultanate	Kingdom of Castile	Victory Destruction of the entire Castilian fleet. Alfonso X of Castile signs a new truce in 1279.		Unknown
Siege of Tlemcen (1299-1307)	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Kingdom	Defeat The Marinids abandons the siege.	Abu Yaqub Yusuf an-Nasr	Unknown
Third siege of Gibraltar (1333-1333)	Marinid Sultanate	Kingdom of Castile	Victory Conquest of Gibraltar by the Marinids.	Unknown
Fourth siege of Gibraltar (1333-1333)	Marinid Sultanate	Kingdom of Castile	Victory The Marinids retain control of Gibraltar. Castilian siege lifted.	Unknown
Siege of Tlemcen (1335-1337)	Marinid Sultanate	Zayyanid Kingdom	Victory The Marinids annexe the Kingdom of Tlemcen.	Unknown
Battle of Vega de Pagana (1339)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Crown of Castile	Defeat Death of Abu Malik.	Unknown
Battle of Río Salado (1340)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Crown of Castile Kingdom of Portugal	Defeat The Marinid invasion decisively repelled.	Unknown
Battle of Estepona (1342)	Marinid Sultanate	Crown of Aragon	Defeat Rout of the Marinid fleet.	4 galleys captured 2 ships destroyed
Siege of Algeciras (1342-1344)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Crown of Castile Crown of Aragon Kingdom of Navarre Republic of Genoa Kingdom of Portugal Crusaders	Defeat Conquest of Algeciras by Castile.	Unknown
Fifth siege of Gibraltar (1349-1350)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Kingdom of Castile	Victory Castilian withdrawal.	Abu Inan Faris	Unknown
Sixth siege of Gibraltar (1411)	Marinid Sultanate	Emirate of Granada	Defeat Granada retains control of Gibraltar.		Abu Said Uthman III	Unknown
Conquest of Ceuta (1415)	Marinid Sultanate	Kingdom of Portugal	Defeat Conquest of Ceuta by Portugal.			Several thousands killed or taken prisoners 1 cannon captured[2]
Siege of Ceuta (1419)	Marinid Sultanate Emirate of Granada	Portuguese Empire	Defeat Portugal retains control of Ceuta.	Unknown
Battle of Tangier (1437)	Marinid Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Victory Marinid victory Capture of Ferdinand the Holy Prince.	Abd al-Haqq II	Unknown

Wattasid Sultanate (1472–1554) [edit]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Moroccan losses
Conquest of Asilah (1471)	Wattasid Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Defeat Conquest of Asilah by Portugal.	Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Sheikh	2,000 killed 5,000 captured
Conquest of Melilla (1497)	Wattasid Sultanate	Castile–Aragon Union	Defeat Conquest of Melilla by Spain.		Unknown
Battle of Azemmour (1513)	Wattasid Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Defeat Conquest of Azemmour by Portugal.	Muhammad al-Burtuqali	1,500 infantry killed 1000 cavalry killed 7 ships destroyed

Saadi Sultanate (1510–1659) [edit]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Moroccan losses
Fall of Agadir (1541)	Saadi Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Victory Morocco annexes Agadir. Portugal evacuates Azemmour and Safi.	Mohammed al-Shaykh	Unknown
Campaign of Tlemcen (1551)	Saadi Sultanate Spanish Empire	Ottoman Empire Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of Aït Abbas Zayyanid Kingdom	Defeat Algiers captures Tlemcen. The Moulouya River is imposed as the border.		Unknown
Capture of Fez (1554)	Saadi Sultanate	Ottoman Empire Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of Kuku Wattasid Sultanate Principality of Debdou	Defeat The Ottomans occupy Fez for four months.[3] Ali Abu Hassun rules Fez as an Ottoman vassal.		Unknown
Battle of Tadla (1554)	Saadi Sultanate	Wattasid Sultanate	Victory The Saadi dynasty becomes the undisputed ruler of Morocco. Death of Ali Abu Hassun and end of the Wattasid dynasty. Fez is no longer an Ottoman vassal.[4] [5]		Unknown
Campaign of Tlemcen (1557)	Saadi Sultanate	Beylerbeylik of Algiers Kingdom of Aït Abbas	Defeat Assassination of Mohammed al-Shaykh under the commands of Hasan Pasha.		Unknown
Battle of Wadi al-Laban (1558)	Saadi Sultanate	Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Inconclusive		Abdallah al-Ghalib	Unknown
Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)	Muslims of Granada Support: Saadi Sultanate Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Spanish Empire	Defeat Mass expulsion of most Muslims in Granada. Resettlement of Granada with Catholic settlers.	Unknown
Capture of Fez (1576)	Saadi Sultanate Muhammad Abu Abdallah Forces	Saadi Sultanate Abd al-Malek Forces Ottoman Empire Beylerbeylik of Algiers	Defeat Ottoman Forces conquer Fez then Marrakesh.[6] Abd al-Malik assumes rule over Morocco as an Ottoman vassal.[7]	Abdallah Mohammed	Unknown
Battle of Alcácer Quibir (1578)	Saadi Sultanate	Portuguese Empire	Victory Decisive Moroccan victory. Death of Abd al-Malik, Abdallah Mohammed and Sebastian of Portugal. 1580 Portuguese succession crisis.	Abd al-Malik I	7,000 dead (Portuguese source) 1,500 dead (Spanish source)
Battle of Tondibi (1591)	Saadi Sultanate	Songhai Empire	Victory Decisive Moroccan victory. Collapse of the Songhai Empire. Formation of the Pashalik of Timbuktu.	Unknown
Battle of Jenné (1599)	Saadi Sultanate Timbuktu	Mali Empire	Victory Decisive Moroccan victory. Collapse of the Mali Empire.	Unknown
Succession War (1603–1627)	Saadi Sultanate Marrakesh Forces	Saadi Sultanate Fes Forces	Marrakesh Forces Victory Morocco is reunified under the rule of Abd al-Malik II.	Abd al-Malik II	Unknown

Alaouite Sultanate (1668–1912) [edit]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Moroccan losses
Battle of Tangier (1664)	Alaouite Sultanate	Kingdom of England Tangier	Victory Death of Earl of Teviot.	Unknown
Siege of Tangier (1680–1684)	Alaouite Sultanate	Kingdom of England Tangier	Victory Morocco recaptures Tangier.[8]	Ismail Ibn Sharif	Unknown
Siege of Mehdya (1681)	Alaouite Sultanate	Spanish Empire	Victory Morocco recaptures Mehdya.		Unknown
Siege of Larache (1689)	Alaouite Sultanate	Spanish Empire	Victory Morocco annexes Larache.[9]		Unknown
Battle of Moulouya (1692)	Alaouite Sultanate	Deylik of Algiers	Defeat The Moulouya River is imposed as the border.[10]		5,000 killed
Siege of Oran (1693)	Alaouite Sultanate	Spanish Empire Deylik of Algiers	Defeat Rout of the Moroccan troops.[11]		Unknown
Sieges of Ceuta (1694-1727)	Alaouite Sultanate Support: Kingdom of England (Until 1707) Great Britain (From 1707)	Spanish Empire	Defeat Spain retains control of Ceuta.		Unknown
Maghrebi War (1699-1702)	Beylik of Tunis Alaouite Sultanate Pashalik of Tripoli (Until 1700)	Deylik of Algiers Pashalik of Tripoli (From 1700)	Stalemate Algiers' ambitions halted Morocco fails to expand. Fall of the Muradid dynasty in Tunis. Civil war in Tripoli.		3,050 killed (Battle of Chelif)
Laghouat Expedition (1708-1713)	Alaouite Sultanate	Laghouat Aïn Madhi Aïn Séfra Boussemghoun	Victory The oases around Laghouat become tributaries of Morocco.		Unknown
Larache Expedition (1765)	Alaouite Sultanate	Kingdom of France	Victory Rout of the French fleet. Signing of a truce and a treaty in 1767.	Mohammed III	30 killed
Siege of Mazagan (1769)	Alaouite Sultanate	Kingdom of Portugal	Victory Morocco recaptures Mazagan.		Unknown
Siege of Melilla (1774-1775)	Alaouite Sultanate Support: Great Britain	Kingdom of Spain	Defeat Treaty of Aranjuez. Morocco recognises Spanish rule of Melilla. Spain cedes territories to Morocco.		600 dead or wounded
Capture of the Rif (1792)	Alaouite Sultanate	Deylik of Algiers	Defeat Conquest of the eastern Rif region by Algiers.	Slimane ben Mohammed	Unknown
First Barbary War (1802–1804)	Pashalik of Tripoli Alaouite Sultanate	United States Sweden (1802) Sicily	Inconclusive Peace treaty.		None
French conquest of Algeria (1830-1844)	Deylik of Algiers Emirate of Mascara Support: Alaouite Sultanate	France French Algeria	Defeat France pacifies resistance forces. Franco-Moroccan War.		Unknown
Franco-Moroccan War (1844)	Alaouite Sultanate	France French Algeria	Defeat Treaty of Tangier. Morocco recognises Algeria as part of the French Empire. Treaty of Lalla Maghnia. France annexes El Bayadh, Chellala, Boussemghoun and Tiout.	870 killed 28 cannons lost
Bombardment of Salé (1851)	Alaouite Sultanate	France	Inconclusive Moroccan political victory.[12] French military victory.[12]	24 killed 47 injured
Battle of Tres Forcas (1856)	Alaouite Sultanate	Prussia	Victory Prussian withdrawal. Adalbert of Prussia and Eduard von Knorr wounded.	Unknown
Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)	Alaouite Sultanate	Spain	Defeat Treaty of Wad Ras. Morocco recognises Spanish rule of Ceuta and Melilla. Retrocession of Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña. Morocco pays war reparations of 20 million duros.	Mohammed IV	6,000 killed
Tarfaya Expedition (1886-1888)	Alaouite Sultanate	British Empire British North West Africa	Victory Treaty of Cape Juby. Retrocession of Tarfaya in 1895.	Hassan I	Unknown
Margallo War (1893-1894)	Alaouite Sultanate	Spain	Defeat Treaty of Fez. Melilla hinterlands ceded to Spain. Morocco pays war reparations of 20 million pesetas and pledges to pacify northern provinces.		Unknown
Bou Hmara Rebellion (1902–1909)	Alaouite Sultanate	Bou Hmara's Domains	Victory Execution of Bou Hmara.	Unknown
Al-Raysuni Rebellion (1903-1908)	Alaouite Sultanate	Al-Raysuni's Domains	Inconclusive Pacification of al-Raysuni after appointment as Pasha of Tangier.	unknown
Pacification of Mauritania (1904-1908)	Emirate of Adar Support: Alaouite Sultanate	France French Mauritania	Defeat Assassination of Xavier Coppolani. Conquest of Adrar by France.	Unknown
Invasion of Oujda (1907)	Alaouite Sultanate	France French Algeria	Defeat French occupation of Oujda.	Unknown
Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)	Alaouite Sultanate	France	Defeat Casablanca almost entirely destroyed.	Unknown
Hafidiya (1907-1908)	Alaouite Sultanate Abd al-Aziz Forces	Alaouite Sultanate Abd al-Hafid Forces	Abd al-Hafid Forces Victory Abd al-Hafid becomes Sultan of Morocco.	Unknown
French conquest of Morocco (1911–1934)	Alaouite Sultanate (Until 1912) Resistance Forces Ahmed al-Hiba Merebbi Rebbu Mouha ou Hammou Zayani Moha ou Said Ali Amhaouch Support: Ottoman Empire (1914-1916) German Empire (1914-1918)	France French Morocco (From 1912) French Algeria French West Africa	Defeat Treaty of Fes. Morocco becomes a French protectorate. Resistance forces pacified.	Abd al-Hafid ben Hassan	Unknown

Kingdom of Morocco (1956–present) [edit]

Conflict	Combatant 1	Combatant 2	Results	Head of State	Moroccan losses
Ifni War (1957–1958)	Morocco	Spain Ifni France	Victory No longer tied down in conflicts with the French, committed a significant portion of its resources and manpower to gain independence from Spain. Treaty of Angra de Cintra	Mohammed V	1,000 killed[13]
Rif revolt (1958–1959)	Morocco	Riffian insurgents	Victory Defeat of the Riffian insurgents		~1,000 killed[14]
Tuareg Rebellion (1962-1964)	Mali Support: Morocco Algeria	Tuareg	Victory Rebellion suppressed	Hassan II	Unknown
Sand War (1963)	Morocco Support: France	Algeria Cuba[15] Support: United Arab Republic	Stalemate The closing of the border south of Figuig Demilitarized zone established		39 killed, 57 captured or 200 killed[16]
October War (1973)	Federation of Arab Republics Arab Republic of Egypt Arab Republic of Syria Iraq Jordan Algeria Morocco Saudi Arabia Cuba North Korea[17] [18]	Israel	Defeat [19] (Strategic Political Gains) [20] Syrian invasion repelled, Egyptian Third Army surrounded; UN ceasefire Egypt–Israel peace treaty[21]		6 captured
Green March (1975)	Morocco	Spain Spanish Sahara	Victory Spain leaves the territory Madrid Accords		Unknown
Western Sahara War (1975–1991)	Morocco Mauritania(1975–1979) Support: France (1975–1979) Saudi Arabia United States	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Polisario Front Algeria(Amgala Battle From 1976) [22] Support: Libya (Until 1984) North Korea (From 1978)	Stalemate Spanish withdrawal under the Madrid Accords (1976) Mauritanian retreat and withdrawal of territorial claims Military Stalemate Ceasefire agreed on between the Polisario Front and Morocco (1991) Morocco controls 75% of the Western Sahara, the Polisario Front controls 25%		Unknown 2,155– 2,300 captured
Shaba I (1977)	Zaire Morocco Egypt	FNLC	Victory FNLC expelled from Katanga The FNLC withdrew to Angola and possibly to Zambia		8 killed
Chadian–Libyan conflict (1978–1987)	Morocco FAT France Zaire	Libya FROLINAT GUNT	Victory Chad gained control of the Aouzou Strip		None
Shaba II (1978)	Zaire France Belgium Morocco	FNLC	Victory Non-aggression pact of 1979 mutual end of support for other nations' rebel groups		1 paratrooper killed
Gulf War (1990–1991)	Kuwait United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia France Canada Egypt Syria Morocco Oman Qatar Australia	Iraq	Victory Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait; Emir Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah restored Kuwaiti independence restored Heavy casualties and destruction of Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure		Unknown
Operation Restore Hope (1992–1993)	UNITAF Morocco France Germany Greece Belgium Saudi Arabia Canada Egypt Germany Italy United Kingdom	United Somali Congress	UN success		None
Perejil Island crisis (2002)	Morocco	Spain	Defeat Moroccan soldiers removed by Spanish military Island remains disputed	Mohammed VI	6 soldiers captured and released on the same day [23]
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–)	Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya Mauritania Mali Niger Chad France Support: United States United Kingdom	Al-Qaeda	Ongoing Islamists capture Northern Mali Islamists capture territory in Libya as a result of the Libyan Civil War		Unknown
Sixth Sa'dah War (2009–2010)	Morocco Yemen Saudi Arabia Jordan	Houthis	Stalemate Houthis consolidate control over Sa'dah[24] Ceasefire after rebels accepted the government's truce conditions.		None
Central African Republic Civil War (2012–)	Central African Republic Morocco MINUSCA (since 2014) MISCA (2013–2014) MICOPAX (2013) France (2013–16) South Africa (2012–13) EUFOR RCA (2014–15)	FPRC UPC MPC	Ongoing As of July 2021 government controls more territory than at any point since the war began in 2012[25]		None
War in Iraq (2013–2017)	Iraq Peshmerga Sinjar Alliance CJTF–OIR United States Morocco Canada United Kingdom France Germany Australia Belgium Netherlands Denmark Turkey Jordan	ISIL Ansar al-Islam SCJL Naqshbandi Army Mujahideen Army	Morocco-allied Coalition and Iraqi victory [26] Iraqi territorial integrity preserved ISIL expelled from all strongholds by 11 November 2017[27] [28] Iraq declares the defeat of ISIL on 9 December 2017 after securing the western desert with neighbouring Syria[29]		None
Intervention In Iraq (2014-2021)	Iraq United States CJTF-OIR Members: Australia New Zealand Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Jordan Morocco Netherlands Turkey United Kingdom	Islamic State of Iraq and Syria White Flags	Morocco-allied Coalition and Iraqi victory Iraqi government forces regain control of all parts of Iraq previously controlled by ISIL.[30] Heavy damage dealt to ISIL forces; military defeat in Iraq[31] [32] Iraq declares military victory against ISIL on 9 December 2017		Unknown
Intervention In Yemen (2015–19)	Hadi Government Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Senegal Sudan Qatar Bahrain Kuwait Jordan Morocco Egypt France	Revolutionary Council Houthis Saleh loyalists	Ongoing Houthis dissolve Yemeni government. Houthis take control of northern Yemen.		10 killed 1 F-16 shot down
Western Saharan clashes (2020–)	Morocco	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Polisario Front	Ongoing Morocco secured the Guerguerat border crossing.		At least 2 soldiers killed[33] [34]

References [edit]

1. ^ Mrini, Driss; Alaoui, Ismaïl (1997). Salé: Cité Millénaire (in French). Editions Eclat, Rabat. pp. 45–46.
2. ^ Chase, p. 109
3. ^ Mercier, Ernest (1891). Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1930) (in French). Ernest Leroux.
4. ^ "The great Muslim empires: Ottomans, Saffavids and Mughals", Discovering Islam, Routledge, pp. 85–109, 2002-11-01, doi:10.4324/9780203406304-9, ISBN978-0-203-40630-4 , retrieved 2021-05-04
5. ^ Spear, Thomas (2011-12-08), "Ogot, Bethwell Allan", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49688, ISBN978-0-19-530173-1 , retrieved 2021-05-04
6. ^ Charles, Eunice A.; Lipschutz, Mark R.; Rasmussen, R. Kent (1979). "Dictionary of African Historical Biography". ASA Review of Books. 5: 97. doi:10.2307/532419. ISSN 0364-1686. JSTOR 532419.
7. ^ Barletta, Vincent (2010). Death in Babylon. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226037394.001.0001. ISBN978-0-226-03736-3.
8. ^ Roudaut, Jean (2011), "Avenir et souvenir", Saint-Pol-Roux, Presses universitaires de Rennes, pp. 15–20, doi:10.4000/books.pur.38172, ISBN978-2-7535-1346-4
9. ^ Pereyra, M. L. (November 1927). "Les Livres de Virginal de la Bibliotheque du Conservatoire de Paris (IIIe)". Revue de musicologie. 8 (24): 205. doi:10.2307/926215. ISSN 0035-1601. JSTOR 926215.
10. ^ Galibert, Léon (1843). Histoire de l'Algérie ancienne et moderne: depuis les premiers établissements des carthaginois (in French). Furne.
11. ^ Hamet, Ismaël (1857-1932) Auteur du texte (1923). Histoire du Maghreb : cours professé à l'Institut des hautes études marocaines / Ismaël Hamet,...
12. ^ ^{a b} Brown, Chester. Chester Brown : conversations. ISBN978-1-62103-969-3. OCLC 841518502.
13. ^ Jung, Dietrich; Schlichte, Klaus; Siegelberg, Jens; Bach, Jonathan P.G. (2018-04-24), "Evaluating War Since 1945", Warfare Since the Second World War, Routledge, pp. 73–168, doi:10.4324/9781351289726-4, ISBN978-1-351-28972-6 , retrieved 2021-03-14
14. ^ Mouline, Nabil. "Qui sera l'État ? Le soulèvement du Rif reconsidéré (1958-1959)". Le carnet du Centre Jacques Berque (in French). Retrieved 2022-03-20 .
15. ^ Brian Latell (24 April 2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, The CIA, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. p. 164. ISBN978-1-137-00001-9. In this instance, unlike several others, the Cubans did no fighting; ; Algeria concluded an armistice with the Moroccan king.
16. ^ Clodfelter, Micheal (2008). Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007. Internet Archive. Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland. ISBN978-0-7864-3319-3.
17. ^ Smith, Terence (1973-10-18). "Hundreds of Tanks Clash in a Struggle for Suez Area". The New York Times. "North Korea has decided to give military assistance to Egypt and Syria, its press agency [...] said today."
18. ^ Smith, Hedrick (1973-10-19). "Flow of Soviet Jews Is Undimished". The New York Times. "[...] Premier Kim Il Sung of North Korea had met with the Egyptian and Syrian ambassadors in Pyonyang to inform them of his Government's decision 'to give material assistance including military aid to Syria and Egypt.' [...] [This] lends credence to the [US] Defence Department's report that North Korean pilots were flying missions for Cairo."
19. ^ References:
    • Herzog, The War of Atonement, Little, Brown and Company, 1975. Forward
    • Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, Yom Kippur War, Doubleday and Company, Inc, 1974, page 450
    • Luttwak and Horowitz, The Israeli Army. Cambridge, MA, Abt Books, 1983
    • Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, Schocken Books, 2004. Page 498
    • Revisiting The Yom Kippur War, P.R. Kumaraswamy, pages 1–2 ISBN 0-313-31302-4
    • Johnson and Tierney, Failing To Win, Perception of Victory and Defeat in International Politics. Page 177
    • Charles Liebman, The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur war in Israeli Society ^{[ permanent dead link ]} Middle Eastern Studies, Vol 29, No. 3, July 1993. Published by Frank Cass, London. Page 411.
20. ^ Loyola, Mario (7 October 2013). "How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the". National Review. p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
21. ^ Loyola, Mario (7 October 2013). "How We Used to Do It - American diplomacy in the". National Review. p. 1. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
22. ^ "Argelia acusa la derrota de Angola". ABC (in Spanish): 41. 1976-02-07. Retrieved 2012-07-24 .
23. ^ "Spanish troops recapture Parsley island". the Guardian. 2002-07-18. Retrieved 2022-03-20 .
24. ^ Zimmerman, Katherine L. Yemen's Pivotal Moment. Critical Threats Project of the American Enterprise Institute, 2014.
25. ^ "Central African Republic Control Map & Timeline - July 2021". Retrieved 2022-03-21 .
26. ^ England, Andrew (2017-12-09). "Iraq announces defeat of Isis". Financial Times . Retrieved 2022-03-20 .
27. ^ Coker, Margaret (2017-11-12). "With Iraqi-Kurdish Talks Stalled, Phone Diplomacy Averts New Clashes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-03-23 .
28. ^ "IS forced out of their last stronghold in Iraq". ITV News. 2017-11-17. Retrieved 2022-03-23 .
29. ^ "Iraq declares final victory over Islamic State". Reuters. 2017-12-09. Retrieved 2022-03-23 .
30. ^ George, Susannah; Abdul-Zahra • •, Qassim. "US Declares Victory Over ISIS, Starts Iraq Drawdown". NBC Los Angeles . Retrieved 2022-03-20 .
31. ^ "ISIS Lost 40 Percent of Its Territory in Iraq, Syria: Coalition". NBC News . Retrieved 2022-03-23 .
32. ^ "Iraq holds victory parade after defeating Islamic State". Reuters. 2017-12-10. Retrieved 2022-03-23 .
33. ^ "Time for International Re-engagement in Western Sahara". Crisis Group. 2021-03-11. Retrieved 2021-04-02 .
34. ^ "Algeria and Morocco: The Conflict on Europe's Doorstep". 2 November 2021.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Morocco

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